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pH electrodes are analytical sensors, are used to measure the potential of hydrogen (pH), or the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity, in a solution.

The anode is now defined as the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs, and the cathode as the electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs. Each electrode may become either the anode or the cathode depending on the direction of current through the cell. A bipolar electrode is an electrode that functions as the anode of one cell and the cathode of another cell.